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 Forum index » DIY Hardware and Software » ChucK programming language
How to build a Frequency Shifter?
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mosc
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PostPosted: Fri Jul 17, 2009 10:45 am    Post subject: How to build a Frequency Shifter? Reply with quote  Mark this post and the followings unread

In another topic about binaural sync, http://electro-music.com/forum/topic-35640.html , the question came up about using Chuck to make a frequency shifter. I understand from Inventor that there is a built in for PitShift, but that is probably not a frequency shifter. Pitch shifters generally transpose the input, up or down, but frequency shifters shift the frequencies algebraically. What is needed is a balanced modulator where the up and down sidebands are available separately.

Any ideas?

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Last edited by mosc on Fri Jul 17, 2009 11:40 am; edited 1 time in total
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PostPosted: Fri Jul 17, 2009 10:50 am    Post subject: Reply with quote  Mark this post and the followings unread

What Les also said there that the chuck one was based upon a delay line, so likely with a write pointer and a read pointer running at different speeds, and so indeed a resampling pitch shifter.

What would be needed is the Bode frequency shifter, there is a description here (moog patents).

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PostPosted: Fri Jul 17, 2009 11:37 am    Post subject: Reply with quote  Mark this post and the followings unread

Good link, thanks. Here is the block diagram from the patent itself.


Bode-Freq-Shift-Patent-Diagram.png
 Description:
Block diagram of the Bode Frequency Shifter from Patent
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Bode-Freq-Shift-Patent-Diagram.png



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PostPosted: Fri Jul 17, 2009 1:06 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote  Mark this post and the followings unread

Here is a comment from the author of the excellent web page that Blue Hell cited, describing the difference between ChucK's PitShift and what we want to create for mosc:

Quote:
It's important to note that this effect is a frequency shift and not the pitch shift effect currently available in modern digital effects boxes. In a frequency shifter all frequency components of the input signal are offset by a specific number of Hz while in a pitch shifter all frequency components are multiplied by a specific factor. The former sounds something like a ring modulator while the latter sound something like playing back a tape at a different speed.


If I understand it right, we don't want to make the sound of a tape being played back at a different speed, which is what ChucK does with the PitShift UGen. Rather, we want to make the sound of an RF modulator with the upper and lower sidebands available as separate outputs.

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PostPosted: Fri Jul 17, 2009 1:11 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote  Mark this post and the followings unread

Hmmmm, would it do to take a Fourier transform, shift the data in the resultant array and take the inverse Fourier of that? Admittedly it's a bit on the crude side but it's easy Smile

A real Bode shifter should be possible as well but i'd have to read up on how those worked, again.

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PostPosted: Fri Jul 17, 2009 1:57 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote  Mark this post and the followings unread

Kassen, that would indeed be a crude yet effective way to do it, however in the other thread mosc mentioned that he needed a high recording sample rate to capture the nuances of the binaural effect. Something like a 1024 sample FFT, which is what's typically practical from a CPU usage standpoint, would be too crude. I think we should look at using ChucK to implement the Moog frequency shifter or some ChucKian simplification of it.
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PostPosted: Sat Jul 18, 2009 12:30 am    Post subject: Granular? Reply with quote  Mark this post and the followings unread

In Max, there is an FFT based solution (called gizmo~) and a granular solution (called granola~), according to this thread:
http://www.cycling74.com/forums/forums.html?rid=0&S=709421774128ea8643aacc9362e368a6&t=msg&th=27101. Source code is probably not available, manual page is here http://www.cycling74.com/docs/max5/refpages/msp-ref/gizmo~.html.

FFT of course has the problem of time delay, but in ChucK it might not be such a problem, if I understand the "upchuck" properly. Granular resynthesis might work, but apparently doesn't sound as good.
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PostPosted: Sat Jul 18, 2009 1:30 am    Post subject: Reply with quote  Mark this post and the followings unread

I found an excellent web page on the topic here:

http://www.cim.mcgill.ca/~clark/nordmodularbook/nm_spectrum_shift.html

The block diagram for the frequency shifter is shown below. This seems to be a very clean and simple design that is easily implemented in ChucK. In fact, I did so, also posted below.

Change the fdelta parameter to vary the amount of frequency shifting, and change the f1 parameter to vary the carrier frequency. Also the lpf cutoff and maybe it's Q can be mucked with if desired.

The ChucK docs do not clearly state how phase is represented. Is it a variable from 0 to 1 or from 0 to 2*pi? I implemented the phase shift of the cosine oscillator as 0.25, being 1/4 of a 0 to 1 phase shift. Kas or someone could you clarify this detail?

mosc, if you test this and it seems to work, then I'll put it in a class wrapper and make two of them, one for the left channel and the other for the right. Then we'll have our ChucKian binaural encoder, I believe.

Les


frequency_shifter_diagram.jpg
 Description:
Frequency Shifter Block Diagram
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frequency_shifter_diagram.jpg



FrequencyShifter1.ck
 Description:
Frequency Shifter

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 Filename:  FrequencyShifter1.ck
 Filesize:  793 Bytes
 Downloaded:  740 Time(s)


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PostPosted: Sat Jul 18, 2009 6:15 am    Post subject: Reply with quote  Mark this post and the followings unread

Ah Jim Clarck's site, of course Smile

Inventor wrote:
[...]make two of them, one for the left channel and the other for the right. Then we'll have our ChucKian binaural encoder, I believe.


The one on the G2 has two outputs, one output for an upshifted frequency and one for a downshifted frequency. Looking at the schematic that may just be the two points before the final summation, but I'm not sure there. Anyway, the way it's being used by me usually is that the up-shifted out goes to one channel and the downshifted down to the other channel, that way it makes some (moving) pseudo stereo from a mono signal (using a small frequency shift, less than 1 Hz typically). I've not seen Howard's patch, but I think that is what he did too.

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PostPosted: Sat Jul 18, 2009 7:09 am    Post subject: Reply with quote  Mark this post and the followings unread

Hmm .. that seems wrong ...

the low pas filters in the schematic above would cause the upper side bands of the first mix to be filtered out, I assume, at least when I calculate with that the output frequency would be shifted by the difference between f1 and f2, thus yielding only one shifted output.

I dont however see that it would shift by the absolute value of the difference, I just get :

fout = fin + f2 - f1

provided that the low pass filtering is perfect. Which means that a pretty high frequency should be used for both f1 and f2, but also that when f1 is smaller than f2 an upshift would occur.

Code:

sin( fin) * sin( f1) = ( cos( fin - f1) - cos( fin + f1)) / 2 = P

sin( fin) * cos( f1) = ( sin( fin + f2) + sin( fin - f1)) / 2 = Q

perfectly low pass filtering these gives

R = lpf( P) = cos( fin - f1) / 2

S = lpf( Q) = sin( fin - f1) / 2

then the 2nd mixer gives us :

sin( f2) * R = ( sin( f2 + fin - f1) + sin( f2 + f1 - fin)) / 4 = T

cos( f2) * S = ( sin( f2 + fin - f1) - sin( f2 + f1 - fin)) / 4 = U

now T + U = sin( fin + f2 - f1) / 2 = sin( fout) / 2

so fout = fin + f2 - f1

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PostPosted: Sat Jul 18, 2009 9:42 am    Post subject: Reply with quote  Mark this post and the followings unread

Inventor wrote:

The ChucK docs do not clearly state how phase is represented. Is it a variable from 0 to 1 or from 0 to 2*pi? I implemented the phase shift of the cosine oscillator as 0.25, being 1/4 of a 0 to 1 phase shift. Kas or someone could you clarify this detail?


Yes, phase ranges from 0 to 1. This is related to Phasor being the base-case for the (plain) oscillators, in the case of Phasor the literal output and it's phase are the same. This may be related to how Phasor refuses to react to plusewith settings, like the docs claim it should. It makes little sense to talk about pi in the case of -say- a SqrOsc. SinOsc, btw, is a exception in the source but still treats phase as a number from 0 to 1.

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PostPosted: Sun Jul 19, 2009 3:27 am    Post subject: Reply with quote  Mark this post and the followings unread

I don't get it - I feel that Blue Hell's analysis must be correct, however when I program it in ChucK it always shifts up! I've tried all kinds of combinations of f1 and f2, yet every time it shifts up. This is in agreement with the text of the web page.

The attached text file has an input of 100 Hz and and fdelta of 100 Hz, so one of the channels should produce 200 Hz and the other 0 Hz (silence), yet both channels always produce the same tone no matter what I do. Is my filtering wrong or something? I dunno. Here is the ChucK file:


BinauralShifter3.ck
 Description:
Not so good binaural shifter

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 Filename:  BinauralShifter3.ck
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PostPosted: Sun Jul 19, 2009 5:30 am    Post subject: Reply with quote  Mark this post and the followings unread

Maybe there is an issue with negative frequencies ... sin(-x) would be -sin(x) (for positive x) but cos(-x) would be cos(x)
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PostPosted: Tue Oct 13, 2009 12:47 am    Post subject:   Reply with quote  Mark this post and the followings unread

For shifting down, you need to subtract the 2 mixers outputs
instead of adding them...
(i.e. instead of the sum, you need the difference...)
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PostPosted: Tue Oct 13, 2009 12:01 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote  Mark this post and the followings unread

Interesting ... and welcome

then we get

Code:

sin( f2) * R = ( sin( f2 + fin - f1) + sin( f2 + f1 - fin)) / 4 = T

cos( f2) * S = ( sin( f2 + fin - f1) - sin( f2 + f1 - fin)) / 4 = U

and - U = ( - sin( f2 - fin - f1) + sin( f2 + f1 - fin)) / 4

now T + ( - U) = sin( f2 + f1 - fin) / 2 = sin( fout) / 2

so fout = f2 + f1 - fin


So fout gets smaller when fin goes up in this case.

Can't really experiment right now ... Les you still here?

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PostPosted: Tue Oct 13, 2009 1:59 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote  Mark this post and the followings unread

Hi Jan, I'll try to make time to test it out.

Les

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PostPosted: Tue Oct 13, 2009 2:26 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote  Mark this post and the followings unread

I'm not sure if I did this right, but the subtraction only makes that channel quieter and at the same frequency. Attached is the ChucK program. I set the frequency to 1kHz and the delta to 500 Hz to get a clearly identifiable tone of either 1.5 kHz or 500 Hz. Both ears come up with 1.5 kHz or so it sounds. So the subtraction does not seem to downshift with this algorithm.

Les


BinauralShifter4.ck
 Description:
Binaural Shifter with subtraction

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 Filename:  BinauralShifter4.ck
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PostPosted: Tue Oct 13, 2009 2:39 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote  Mark this post and the followings unread

I think you'll need pretty high frequencies ... the carrier tones should be filtered out by the filters for it to work.
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PostPosted: Wed Oct 14, 2009 12:59 am    Post subject: Reply with quote  Mark this post and the followings unread

(scratch head...)
Somehow I had fig.3 of the Bode patent in mind...

In the ChucK-case this would probably end up inverting the sin(f2 t) of the second oscillator to minus sin(f2 t), (i.e. turned around by 180°),
and then adding the 2 mixed signals at the output again, like before?


Sorry if I mixed things up and spread confusion...


Ahh, and thanx for the welcome:
Scott Stites, whom I had the honour to send a few TDA1022s a few years ago, brought my attention here from http://www.diystompboxes.com/smfforum/forums.html...
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PostPosted: Sat Oct 17, 2009 5:54 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote  Mark this post and the followings unread

OMG!!! Ton?

welcome verily!!!

It's fantastic to see you here!

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PostPosted: Mon Oct 19, 2009 8:43 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote  Mark this post and the followings unread

I read somewhere, but didn't bother to make a bookmark, that the best way to do a freq shifter in digital is using a Hilbert transform so you don't need dome filters. I was hopeful someone would know a bit more about this.
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PostPosted: Sat Oct 11, 2014 2:47 am    Post subject: Reply with quote  Mark this post and the followings unread

Was looking into this again, wanted to do a Wren module for it ... found some info about the use of Hilbert transforms for shifting, and it looks easier than the quadrature methods sketched above.

http://www.mikrocontroller.net/attachment/33905/Audio_Hilbert_WAR19.pdf

http://www56.homepage.villanova.edu/scott.sawyer/fpga/II_frequency_shifting.htm

I did not try it yet, maybe later this weekend.

Edit: OK, the Hilbert transform is just what the dome filter is in the analog implementation. I've seen digital filter implementations for that.

Edit2 : and the filter implementation seems efficient for making a Hilbert transform.

Edit3: https://github.com/swh/ladspa/blob/master/bode_shifter_1431.xml - an implementation for Ladspa by Steve Harris - currently trying to implement that one.

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PostPosted: Sun Oct 12, 2014 4:06 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote  Mark this post and the followings unread

Okay .. seems to basically work ... copied from Steve's code

Code:
{ ========
  TModFreqShifter = class( TMod)
  // https://github.com/swh/ladspa/blob/master/bode_shifter_1431.xml
  private
    FShift     : TSignal;
    FDelay     : array[ 0 .. 255] of TSignal;
    FDPtr      : Integer;
    FPhi       : TSignal;
    FLastShift : TSignal;
  public
}

const

  freqshifter_in    = 0;
  freqshifter_shift = 1;

  freqshifter_up    = 0;
  freqshifter_down  = 1;

  XCoeffs : array[ 0 .. 99] of TSignal = (
    +0.0008103736, +0.0008457886, +0.0009017196, +0.0009793364,
    +0.0010798341, +0.0012044365, +0.0013544008, +0.0015310235,
    +0.0017356466, +0.0019696659, +0.0022345404, +0.0025318040,
    +0.0028630784, +0.0032300896, +0.0036346867, +0.0040788644,
    +0.0045647903, +0.0050948365, +0.0056716186, +0.0062980419,
    +0.0069773575, +0.0077132300, +0.0085098208, +0.0093718901,
    +0.0103049226, +0.0113152847, +0.0124104218, +0.0135991079,
    +0.0148917649, +0.0163008758, +0.0178415242, +0.0195321089,
    +0.0213953037, +0.0234593652, +0.0257599469, +0.0283426636,
    +0.0312667947, +0.0346107648, +0.0384804823, +0.0430224431,
    +0.0484451086, +0.0550553725, +0.0633242001, +0.0740128560,
    +0.0884368322, +0.1090816773, +0.1412745301, +0.1988673273,
    +0.3326528346, +0.9997730178, -0.9997730178, -0.3326528346,
    -0.1988673273, -0.1412745301, -0.1090816773, -0.0884368322,
    -0.0740128560, -0.0633242001, -0.0550553725, -0.0484451086,
    -0.0430224431, -0.0384804823, -0.0346107648, -0.0312667947,
    -0.0283426636, -0.0257599469, -0.0234593652, -0.0213953037,
    -0.0195321089, -0.0178415242, -0.0163008758, -0.0148917649,
    -0.0135991079, -0.0124104218, -0.0113152847, -0.0103049226,
    -0.0093718901, -0.0085098208, -0.0077132300, -0.0069773575,
    -0.0062980419, -0.0056716186, -0.0050948365, -0.0045647903,
    -0.0040788644, -0.0036346867, -0.0032300896, -0.0028630784,
    -0.0025318040, -0.0022345404, -0.0019696659, -0.0017356466,
    -0.0015310235, -0.0013544008, -0.0012044365, -0.0010798341,
    -0.0009793364, -0.0009017196, -0.0008457886, -0.0008103736
  );

    procedure   TModFreqShifter.SetDefaults; // override;
    begin
      FDezipperMap := [
        freqshifter_shift
      ];
    end;

    procedure   TModFreqShifter.DoTick; // override;
    var
      i         : Integer;
      hilb      : TSignal;
      rm1       : TSignal;
      rm2       : TSignal;
      shift_i   : TSignal;
      shift_c   : TSignal;
      freq_fix  : TSignal;
      sinval    : TSignal;
      cosval    : TSignal;
    begin
      FShift    := LookupFrequency( FInputs[ freqshifter_shift]);
      shift_i   := FLastShift;
      shift_c   := Clip( FShift, 0.0, 10000.0);
      freq_fix  := 2 * PI / System_Rate;

      FDelay[ FDPtr] := FInputs[ freqshifter_in];

      hilb := 0.0;
      for i := Low( XCoeffs) to High( XCoeffs)
      do hilb := hilb + XCoeffs[ i] * FDelay[ ( FDPtr - 2 * i) and ( 255)];

      SinCos( FPhi, sinval, cosval);
      rm1 := hilb * 0.63661978 * sinval;
      rm2 := FDelay[ ( FDPtr - 99) and 255] * cosval;

      FOutputs[ freqshifter_down] := ( rm2 - rm1) * 0.5;
      FOutputs[ freqshifter_up  ] := ( rm2 + rm1) * 0.5;

      FDPtr := ( FDPtr + 1) and 255;
      FPhi  := FPhi + shift_i * freq_fix;

      while FPhi > 2 * PI
      do FPhi := FPhi - 2 * PI;

      FLastShift := shift_c;
    end;

    function    TModFreqShifter.InputName( anIndex: Integer): string; // override;
    begin
      case anIndex of
        freqshifter_in    : Result := 'in';
        freqshifter_shift : Result := 'shift';
        else                Result := NO_INPUT;
      end;
    end;

    function    TModFreqShifter.OutputName( anIndex: Integer): string; // override;
    begin
      case anIndex of
        freqshifter_up   : Result := 'up';
        freqshifter_down : Result := 'down';
        else               Result := NO_OUTPUT;
      end;
    end;


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